What are derivatives?

Derivatives are financial instruments whose value is derived from the performance of an underlying asset, index, or rate. This underlying entity can be a variety of assets, including stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, or interest rates. The main purpose of derivatives is to manage risk or to speculate on the future price movements of the underlying asset.

For example, a futures contract is a type of derivative that obligates one party to buy, and another to sell, an asset at a predetermined future date and price. By utilizing derivatives, investors can hedge against potential losses in their portfolios or leverage their investments to amplify returns.

The other options do not accurately describe derivatives. Investments that guarantee fixed returns are typically fixed-income securities, such as bonds, rather than derivatives. Physical commodities are tangible goods that are traded directly, rather than through derivative contracts. Mutual funds with government backing refer to specific mutual fund products and do not relate to the definition or functioning of derivatives. Thus, option B clearly encompasses the essence of what derivatives are in the financial context.