Which of the following describes non-verbal communication?

Non-verbal communication refers to the way messages are conveyed without the use of spoken or written language. This can include body language, facial expressions, gestures, posture, tone of voice, and even physical distance between communicators. These non-verbal cues can convey a wide range of emotions and intentions, often complementing or contradicting verbal messages.

The focus on methods that do not utilize language is central to understanding what non-verbal communication encompasses. While the other options involve forms of communication that either necessitate spoken language, written documents, or text messages, they do not fit into the category of non-verbal communication. Only the description that emphasizes conveying messages without using language aligns perfectly with the concept, highlighting the significance of non-verbal cues in overall communication.